@
wowofe dnsmasq
--server=[/[<domain>]/[domain/]][<server>[#<port>]][@<interface>][@<source-ip>[#<port>]]
Specify upstream servers directly. Setting this flag does not suppress reading of /etc/resolv.conf, use --no-resolv to do that. If one or more optional domains are given, that server is used only for those domains and they are queried only using the specified server. This is intended for private nameservers: if you have a nameserver on your network which deals with names of the form
xxx.internal.thekelleys.org.uk at 192.168.1.1 then giving the flag --server=/
internal.thekelleys.org.uk/192.168.1.1 will send all queries for internal machines to that nameserver, everything else will go to the servers in /etc/resolv.conf. DNSSEC validation is turned off for such private nameservers, UNLESS a --trust-anchor is specified for the domain in question. An empty domain specification, // has the special meaning of "unqualified names only" ie names without any dots in them. A non-standard port may be specified as part of the IP address using a # character. More than one --server flag is allowed, with repeated domain or ipaddr parts as required.
More specific domains take precedence over less specific domains, so: --server=/
google.com/1.2.3.4 --server=/
www.google.com/2.3.4.5 will send queries for
google.com and
gmail.google.com to 1.2.3.4, but
www.google.com will go to 2.3.4.5
Matching of domains is normally done on complete labels, so /
google.com/ matches
google.com and
www.google.com but NOT
supergoogle.com. This can be overridden with a * at the start of a pattern only: /*
google.com/ will match
google.com and
www.google.com AND
supergoogle.com. The non-wildcard form has priority, so if /
google.com/ and /*
google.com/ are both specified then
google.com and
www.google.com will match /
google.com/ and /*
google.com/ will only match
supergoogle.com.
For historical reasons, the pattern /.google.com/ is equivalent to /
google.com/ if you wish to match any subdomain of
google.com but NOT
google.com itself, use /*.google.com/
The special server address '#' means, "use the standard servers", so --server=/
google.com/1.2.3.4 --server=/
www.google.com/# will send queries for
google.com and its subdomains to 1.2.3.4, except
www.google.com (and its subdomains) which will be forwarded as usual.
Also permitted is a -S flag which gives a domain but no IP address; this tells dnsmasq that a domain is local and it may answer queries from /etc/hosts or DHCP but should never forward queries on that domain to any upstream servers. --local is a synonym for --server to make configuration files clearer in this case.
IPv6 addresses may include an %interface scope-id, eg fe80::202:a412:4512:7bbf%eth0.
The optional string after the @ character tells dnsmasq how to set the source of the queries to this nameserver. It can either be an ip-address, an interface name or both. The ip-address should belong to the machine on which dnsmasq is running, otherwise this server line will be logged and then ignored. If an interface name is given, then queries to the server will be forced via that interface; if an ip-address is given then the source address of the queries will be set to that address; and if both are given then a combination of ip-address and interface name will be used to steer requests to the server. The query-port flag is ignored for any servers which have a source address specified but the port may be specified directly as part of the source address. Forcing queries to an interface is not implemented on all platforms supported by dnsmasq.
Upstream servers may be specified with a hostname rather than an IP address. In this case, dnsmasq will try to use the system resolver to get the IP address of a server during startup. If name resolution fails, starting dnsmasq fails, too. If the system's configuration is such that the system resolver sends DNS queries through the dnsmasq instance which is starting up then this will time-out and fail.
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